Why Stalin emerged as the dominant political force by 1929 Essay Example for Free

Why Stalin developed as the prevailing political power by 1929 Essay A savage despot (Totsky), Stalin developed force inside the Bolshevik party, from the outset discreetly and unnoticeably, yet then utilized the blend of his situation to guarantee him practically boundless forces. He evacuated his restriction bit by bit strategically exchanging sides of the gathering, and in this way clearing his way up to the top. Basically Stalin developed the prevailing political power by 1929 in light of the fact that he expelled all restriction from the gathering making him the prime head of the gathering. Stalin held various what from the start appeared as unimportant posts, which later gave Stalin as broad measure of intensity inside the gathering. His titles were Commissar of Nationalities (1917), Chairman of Orgburo (1919), Chairman of Workers and Inspectorate (1919) and later General Secretary of the Party (1921). With these presents Stalin approached on work force documents on the entirety of the gathering individuals. Because of the structure of the gathering at the time this unexpectedly gave him privilege, as he turned into the irreplaceable connection in the hierarchy of leadership. Stalin likewise picked up the option to choose and pull back people to/from authentic situations inside the gathering. He utilized this for his potential benefit and named his own kin, (ie: the individuals who were faithful to Stalin and followed a similar belief system as him,) in key positions. Stalin along these lines supplanted people from key positions and supplanted them with his supporters. This in result gave him overpowering force as he could depend on these individuals to decide in favor of him and subsequently regardless of the capacity of the people or gatherings that contradicted him, he could generally out-vote and out-move them. Subsequently Stalin could now impact the gathering prompting him turning into a prevailing political power by 1929. Beginning from 1923 Lenin chose to expand the enrollment of the gathering with increasingly mechanical specialists, which carried on until 1925 and was known as Lenins Enrolment. More than 500,000 laborers were selected, multiplying the partys participation and this was to have significant results. The new individuals were to a great extent uneducated and politically na㠯⠿â ½ve. As a general secretary, it was Stalin who was liable for overseeing Lenins Enrolment. E.H. Carr called attention to that the Bolshevik Party transformed from the world class gathering of Lenin to the mass party of Stalin. Stalin was consequently fabricating monstrous help, later prompting him turning into the prevailing political power in Soviet legislative issues. Stalin was likewise fortified unexpectedly by Lenin and his assault on the Factionalism. Lenin denounced the gathering quarreling and the resistance to party from inside the gathering. Lenin successfully controlled and disappointed any genuine endeavor to censured party strategy or choices. This made it progressively hard to shape real restriction from inside the gathering. This bourgeoned Stalins power as right off the bat he was a recipient of the assault on factionalism and the charge of factionalism gave him a prepared weapon for opposing difficulties to the position he had just started to work out. This was one of the strategies utilized by Stalin to make sure about him the following replacement to Lenin. Because of these strategies Stalin rose as the prevailing political power by 1929. The gathering was separated among numerous issues with the New Economic Policy having the best importance. The individuals who were reproachful of the NEP were marked left socialists and the individuals who acknowledged that as long as the NEP kept on meeting the countries food needs then it ought to be protected, were marked right socialists. Stalins see was that an opponents mentality towards the NEP may be shortcoming to be abused; on the off chance that it could be set up that his perspectives showed degenerate Marxist reasoning it gets conceivable to subvert, if not annihilate, his situation inside the gathering. Stalin in this manner exchanged sides of the gathering by changing sides of the contention to sabotage his opponents bit by bit. Subsequently his opponents would free credit while he would pick up credit. Anyway the fundamental and most famous strategy utilized by Stalin was to keep his political status inside the gathering community. Along these lines Stalin could without much of a stretch move from left to option to debilitate and plot against his adversaries. The Politburo considered Trotsky to be a grater peril than Stalin. Stalin along these lines originally shaped triumvirate with Zinoviev and Kamenev to square Trotsky, who was before long blamed for censuring the Cult of Lenin and his nonappearance in Lenins burial service was made to be viewed as apostasy. The new lowly participation helped Stalin to evacuate Trotsky as the gathering was not dazzled by the refined picture of Trotsky. Accordingly Trotsky was outvoted in 1927, which prompted congress tolerating the recommendation that Trotsky is to be ousted from the gathering and was soon inside banished. As his following stage, Stalin utilized the way that Zinoviev and Kamenev agreed with Trotsky over the issue of NEP against them and to likewise move them. Stalin moved to help the privilege of the gathering, who trusted in NEP as a friend in need of Russias present economy. In result, the 1925 party congress vanquished all left wing movements and impugned the lefts as double crossers of the upset. Thus Kamenev and Zinoviev were ousted from the gathering. After the left of the gathering had been vanquished Stalin begun work to crush the privilege of the gathering. After two great harvests toward the finish of 1925 Stalin utilized the contention that grain costs were falling as laborers were retaining grain to drive up the cost of grain. Stalin considered this to be private enterprise to the detriment of the urban areas. He presented a criminal law making the disguise of grain be a wrongdoing. He sent warriors into the wide open to rebuff the laborers, This prompted battling in certain territories and Bukharin in result condemned Stalin as a despot. Bukharin and his adherents were censured as traditional deviationists. Toward the finish of 1928 Bukharin surrendered as proofreader of Pravda and alongside Trotsky and Rykov they were ousted from the gathering. Subsequently now Stalin had effectively expelled the resistance from the two sides of the gathering, filling the holes in the gathering with his adherents and in result leaving him as the main political power to manage the Soviet Union. All in all Stalin decimated his resistance so as to leave him as the main evident contender to succeed Lenin as the pioneer of the Bolshevik Party. Stalin rose to control utilizing his key situation as the General Secretary for his potential benefit. The structure of the gathering additionally profited him as his activities didn't appear to be that noteworthy in his battle for power from the outset hand and along these lines concealing him from judgment.

Greek And Roman Art Essay Example For Students

Let It Bleed

Let It Bleed DID YOU KNOW? Bonsai Kittens were a hoax started by MIT students. Yesterday I overcame yet another longtime fear and gave blood. I couldnt help but think of the time in high school that my friend Allison was giving blood to get extra credit in AP Bio (no, really) and she passed out in the middle of it, in the process missing the first hour of our ultra-important fail-if-you-miss-it concert band rehearsal that night. Luckily, her dad was the drivers ed teacher and bailed her out. It was like Boy Meets World, or what I imagine Boy Meets World would have been like if I had ever watched it. Anyway, no. What I really couldnt help thinking of was the slipstream flow of my blood through the needle, and how the blood was being collected into a lower than my arm in order to establish a pressure head on the fluid, and how the cuff she had tightened on my arm was helping to dilate my blood vessels, and how this all related to the pressure taps in the pipe that we were using in 10.26: Chemical Engineering Project Lab to do fluid mechanics research, which I had to go to 5 minutes after giving blood. MIT is really like that. Anyway, somebody had a questions about AP tests, and since theyre kind of like some relentless vampire designed to suck money out of unsuspecting high-achieving high school students, I decided that this anecdote would pair well with an answer to this question. AP tests are mostly good for getting you out of GIRs. This is usually a good thing. If you dont have so many GIRs to take your freshman year, you can take more classes in your major and figure out if you really like it or not. My second term at MIT, 18.100B taught me 101 reasons not to be a math major, while Sarah Tabacco and 5.12 showed me that I really could do organic chemistry, if I just believed in myself. Had I not taken the advanced standing exam for 18.03, I might be studying for the actuarial exams these days instead of turning turkey carcasses into a usable fuel. On the other hand, sometimes GIRs are there for a reason. Im not particularly good at thermodynamics, but last spring I totally rocked 5.60: Thermodynamics and Kinetics by taking it two terms late, with a bunch of Chemical Engineering freshmen. I didnt study harder than anybody else, but after three terms of MIT I had developed the ability to study smarter than your average freshman. No doubt that any of them would now be able to go into any freshman class and get the same results. Its really great if you can come into MIT and take sophomore physics right off the bat, especially if youre a physics majorhowever, remember that youre going to be taking it with mostly sophomores (and nuclear engineers) who arent coming right out of high school. That being said, I would still personally use all the AP credits I could possibly get if I were you. As I have discovered too late, there are too many awesome classes here to spend time taking GIRs and introductory classes that you dont need to take. So, heres how it goes. Physics: The GIRs are 8.01: Mechanics and 8.02: EM. Most people take them in their first two terms here. If you get a 5 on both parts of Physics C, you get credit for 8.01. Nobody knows why you need a 5 on the EM portion of Physics C just to get out of Mechanics. There are also advanced standing exams for both classes offered during orientation. Physics B gets you NOTHING! However, I got a 5 on Physics B and was kind of bored in 8.01. I would suggest trying to take the advanced standing exam in that case. Alternatively, you can take 8.012 and 8.022, which are physics for masochists. Having taken 8.022, I can tell you that these classes will NOT NOT NOT be boring for you after the AP test. Biology: There is one GIR, 7.01x, offered in three different-flavored classes in the spring and fall. Most people dont take it their freshman year, put it off as long as possible, then take it with a bunch of grade-hungry freshman pre-meds, get mad because theyre getting a B in an easy GIR, and end up hating bio forever. Which is kind of unfair, because one of the guys who teaches it identified the first oncogene. A 5 on AP Bio gets you credit for it, and theres really no reason not to take advantage of that whether you want to major in biology or not. I took both 5.07: Biochemistry and 7.06: Cell Biology over 2 years after taking AP Bio, and didnt feel unprepared for them at all. Chemistry: There is one GIR in chemistry. You can satisfy it with 3.091 (easy), 5.111 (hard), or 5.112 (masochism), which most people take in their first term at MIT. There is an advanced standing exam, but dont even bother unless you did, like, the international chemistry olympiad or something. I know somebody who got an 800 on 8 different SATII subject tests and still did not pass it. Even if you were a stellar AP Chem student, 5.112 will cover everything you learned in two weeks, then derive the Schrodinger Equation from first principles and plunge you headfirst into a bathtub full of quantum and inorganic chemistry from which there is no escape. Seriously, 5.112 is a fantastic class to take if youre interested in chemistry at all. And if youre not, you can always take 3.091, which is chemistry for people who dont want to take chemistry anymore. Math: This is a challenging one. My first semester I qualified for entrance into seven separate calculus classes. I think they have since trimmed out a few of those. Awww, here goes. A 4 or a 5 on Calc BC gets you credit for 18.01: Single-Variable. From here, you could take one of three flavors of 18.02x: Multivariable, or you could take the ultra-rigorous 18.014 for math majors. YOU DONT NEED TO TAKE IT IF YOU ARE NOT A MATH MAJOR. A 4 or a 5 on Calc AB, or on the AB subscore of BC, gets you into 18.01A/18.02A. You spend half a term reviewing Single-Variable, half a term learning Multivariable, and get the remainder of multivariable in IAP. Basically, no matter which of the above five classes you take your first term, you will probably end up in 18.03: Differential Equations your second term at MIT with 700 other people. You can even pull a Laura and take 18.01 your first term, then 18.02 and 18.03 together your second term. The only limit is yourself. Also, if you happened to go to one of those crazy people schools with 18.03: Differential Equations or 18.06: Linear Algebra in the curriculum, you can get credit for that, too. I believe that if you do it before entering your first semester, you just have to take an advanced standing exam when you get to MIT. However, if you wait until IAP to test out of it, you have to do all the problem sets for the class on your own time and then take the advanced standing exam. Yep, its as much fun as it sounds. As for AP Statistics, yeah, that was a nice waste of $76 on my part. Computer Science: Nope. Sorry, Chester. Communications Requirement: Okay, the humanities program and communication requirements here are more complicated than quantum mechanics. So, there are certain introductory classes designated as CI-HW that you have to take in order to prove that youre good at writing. However, you dont have to take one if you get a passing score on the Freshman Essay Evaluation, given over the summer, or if you got a 5 on AP English Literature or AP English Language. Theres more communications requirement stuff, but you will figure that out once you get here. And then you can tell me, because I still only have a cursory grasp of it after three years. Humanities: If you get a 5 on basically any humanities-oriented test except for Studio Art, you get 9 units of general elective credit, which are pretty much only useful for hitting that magic 270-unit mark necessary for the double major that you no doubt want to pursue coming in to MIT. However, dont forget that Mollie took 18.01 her first term and came in with 27 units of AP credit, and she is now a published researcher and illustrious MITblogger who completed two majors in four years and is now going into Harvards PhD program next year. So you could be like her if you want to. I know I do. Whew, that was a workout!

The War Of A War - 1468 Words

War occurs almost everywhere in the world and can be seen as a means of symbolism and patriotism. The Revolutionary War was fought in order to gain independence. That was the meaning behind that war. However, why do societies go to war, other than to fight for independence? Ever since the beginning of time war has been used as a means to invade another country and rid them of their resources. Whether it’s a war or just invasion, it is still a means of bombarding a country or society without any rights. Regardless of the invasion and the reason being, the people of the country being invaded are affected and so are the veterans invading the country. Most people tend to ignore the internal struggles veterans face post war. The civilians of a war zoned country are also majorly affected in ways many people fail to see because of the lack of media coverage. Most veterans returning from a war struggle from post traumatic stress disorder, individuals in societies are blind to the fact that these people are mentally unstable because of the experience they go through. Most people will salute a veteran because in America it is proper to respect those who served the country. These people aren’t aware that some of these individuals might not want to be reminded of their actions and some of them might not be entirely proud of what they did at war. The civilians are also very much ignored because no one cares about the amount of innocent lives taken every day. The negative impact warShow MoreRelatedWar : War And War988 Words   |  4 PagesWar is what happens when multiple parties do not agree on a common objective or when opposing parties want to create conflict between each other. In war, I feel like the bad has always and will always outweigh the good. People die, get injured, or come back home mentally unstable; sometimes they do not even have a home to come back to. As long as I can remember, there has been war. I would hear people talking about war, going to war, and watching videos on the television about war. War is everywhereRead MoreThe War Of War And War1095 Words   |  5 PagesImagine the year is 1939 and you hear war is waging throughout Europe. Now imagine being called off to war because the United States decides to join the war effort. Everyone else signed up and those who weren’t were drafted. Now picture being on the front line. Bombs flashing and exploding around you while bullets fly right past your head as you try to take out the enemy. Suddenly everything turns black and you find you cannot wake up from this comatose sleep. Your mother and father are devastatedRead MoreThe War Of The Vietnam War1155 Words   |  5 PagesVietnam War cost many Americans their lives in the 60s and 70s. Many were drafted into the war by choice and others selectively chosen to join to help America. The contributions made had a major impact on the American side of the Vietnam War. Though many contributions were made none stand out any more than others. It is sometimes said there is always a hero in the war who helped the victory. Wars, however, do not have war heroes because a hero is making an undeniable contribution to the war and affectsRead MoreThe War Of The Vietnam War1379 Words   |  6 Pagestensions over the Vietnam war caused many americans to become divided on the actions taken by the government across seas. Americans questioned whether the government could be trusted. The feeling of betrayal and government secrecy created the â€Å"Credibility Gap,† in which many americans believed that the government no longer was for the people, but for anything else that would benefit the government. The Vietnam War exacerbated the gap between the pro-war traditionalists and anti-war liberals along withRead MoreThe War Of The Revolutionary War1038 Words   |  5 Pagesat Yorktown, the revolutionary war was over, and the United States began the arduous task of rebuilding an economy held back by colonia lism and destroyed by war. From the 1780s up until the 1810s, the economy was slowly growing and diversifying, the War of 1812 halted much of those advanced. The war ruined the United States economy once again, but it allowed it to grow and develop to new heights and become stronger than before the war. After the revolutionary war, the United States began the arduousRead MoreThe War Of The Great War Essay973 Words   |  4 Pages World War â…   was such a significant war in history, that contributed to many changes to the world today. From 1914 to 1918 the â€Å"Great War† was being fought between the central and allied forces. The trench warfare during the rough years provided a stalemate, a situation in which no progress can be made or no advancement is possible. So, as a result the allied forces made a peace treaty to finally end the prolonged bloodshed. After five long years of nations constantly fighting, the allied forcesRead MoreThe War Of The Vietnam War877 Words   |  4 PagesAnother big difference in this war was that the Vietnam War was had more disapproval and was more expressive within the American public, unlike the Korean War. The ANITWAR MOVEMENT started in the 1960s this group was never enacted until this era. There was not a group like this in Vietnam, but there were many groups that opposed the war. The main object of these revolts was the American military presence in Indochina. The ANITWAR MOVEMENT caused an influence not only socially, but also in the realmRead MoreThe War Of The Vietnam War1204 Words   |  5 Pagesloyalty to our employers. Its why marriage and children scare us†¦ When that is the way you are, how do you conduct your life?† The Vietnam War killed over fifty eight thousand Americans and over 61% of the men killed were 21 years or younger. Most Americans are conflicted with the fact whether the Anti War Movement played a factor in prolonging the Vietnamese War. â€Å"In every story there are two sides and in between lies the truth.† Anonymous The United States become involved in Vietnam after theRead MoreThe War Of The Cold War Essay1525 Words   |  7 PagesOne major war ended and another to begin. The Cold war lasted about 45 years. There were no direct military campaigns between the United States and Soviet Union. However, billions of dollars and millions of lives were lost. The United States emerged as the greatest power from World War 2. (Give Me Liberty 896) The country boasted about having the most powerful navy and air force. The United states accounted for about half of the world’s manufacturing capacity, which it alone created the atomic bombRead MoreThe War Of The Vietnam War1729 Words   |  7 PagesCommunists and Non-Communists raged on, America attempted to do everything in its power to stop the spread of communism all around the world. This is what lead to the gruesome war that lasted over a decade in Vietnam. A great deal of social changed happened all over the world, but particularly in Ameri ca as the Vietnam War dragged on. As people became more aware of the atrocities going on in Southeast Asia, the endless domestic support turned into widespread explosive protest. During the first few

Siddhartha the Life of a Prophet Essay - 1376 Words

Buddhism was brought to light about 500 BC by Siddhartha Gautama. Buddhism has not been described as a religion as such but rather as philosophy. The story of Siddhartha Gautama and how he brought Buddhism to limelight is quite moving. In this essay the thoughts of Siddhartha Gautama are explained and how the society reacted to his arguments. Generally this essay will briefly describe the achievements of Siddhartha Gautama in his quest to attain enlightenment and how that impacted the society of his time and to some extent the current society. It is reported that Buddha was born in 563 B.C.E. It is also reported that Buddha was born with an ability to walk and talk; he walked about and cried, â€Å"I am supreme in the world. This is my last†¦show more content†¦He is said to have fasted for six years trying to understand the why suffering existed. It is recorded that he deprived his body so much that he could have easily died; He held his breath until his head roared, ate little food-and what he did eat was sickening-endured painful body positions for lengthy periods, became entrusted with filth, and lost weight until his bones protruded and he could feel his bones protruded and he could feel his spine by pressing on his abdomen. (Warren 107) It is said that he underwent such extreme measures that at one moment he almost died had Siddhartha not have come by and given him some food. It is said that the food he was given helped him to â€Å"regain the strength necessary to return to life† (Warren 107). Having risked death and not attained enlightenment Siddhartha decided to pick a different approach towards enlightenment. Moving away from the path of rigid asceticism, he engaged in meditation that had less bodily harm and succeeded in attaining enlightenment to become Buddha. Siddhartha’s experience of being enlightened has been described as thus: His mind cleansed and concentrated, Siddhartha remembered his former existence-his names, roles in life, and sufferings. Early in the in the night he found knowledge dispelling ignorance. Concentrating his powerful vision on the order of beings coming into existence and passing away, he interpreted the process in terms of their karma. In a third exploration, during the third watch, heShow MoreRelatedSpeical Spiritual Leaders Essay examples625 Words   |  3 Pagessuch as mass and salat, respectively; but these are two very unique rituals. In the same way, religious leaders among religions can vary. Religious leaders are one of the fundamental elements of religions today; however, through the lives of Jesus, Siddhartha Gautama, and Muhammad one can see the differences among these famous religious leaders. For Christians, Jesus Christ is the most famous religious figure. Jesus was born around 4 BC and died around the age of thirty-three. Jesus did not start preachingRead MoreThe Teachings Of Muhammad, Siddhartha Gautama ( The Buddha ), And Jesus1034 Words   |  5 PagesMuhammad, Siddhartha Gautama (the Buddha), and Jesus Christ were extremely influential leaders and were all the keys to establishing three of the major religions today; Islam, Buddhism and Christianity. These religions are currently the largest religions in the world and influence billions of people every day. All three of these men have shaped the course of history and redefined the destiny of mankind. They all lived very interesting lives and preached different lessons to their followers. I wouldRead MoreThe Origins And Central Beliefs Of Islam1735 Words   |  7 Pagesgrowing religion and the second largest in the world. Muslims make up 23% of the world’s population. Islam teaches that Allah is peaceful, al l-minded, and unique, and he has guided mankind through the Quran and and natural signs, along with a line of prophets sealed by Muhammad. The Quran, viewed by Muslims as the verberation of Allah, and the teachings of Muhammad. The origins of Islam can be traced back to 7th century Saudi Arabia. Islam is thus the youngest of great world religions. Muhammad introducedRead MoreThe Buddha, The Dharma, And The Sangha873 Words   |  4 Pagesreincarnation was named Siddhartha in Nepal around 600 B.C.E. He was a human who transcended to a state of enlightenment, understanding and practicing the three elements of Buddhism. Unlike the main figure in many other world religions, Buddha did not deem himself God or a prophet, but just a regular man who learned the teachings of nonviolence, inner peace, and balance. Siddhartha was born as a prince and lived a lavish life growing up. However he eventually realized that his life would not be fulfilledRead MoreChristianity, Islam, And Buddhism1474 Words   |  6 Pagesfollowers. It is a monotheistic faith based on revelations received by the Prophet Muhammad. Prophet Muhammad was born in 570 C.E to a merchant family in Mecca. His father died before he was born and his mo ther died when the he was six. As Muhammad gets older he lives the life of a prosperous merchant. But from time to time he withdrew into the mountains to meditate and pray. In 610 C.E he had a revelation that changed his life; and changed world history. According to Islamic tradition, the archangelRead MoreContributions of Modern Society1098 Words   |  5 Pagescontribute our lives in modern society. As I look around at several buildings I know that I don’t see the gargoyles but looking at some of the Catholic churches and some of the other buildings that are well structured. Muhammad, considered the dominant prophet and founder of Islam, born in 570 A.D. forced to get a job to take care of himself at an early age. He was a driver and married his boss at the age of 25, to Khadija, by which he had only four daughters. The right word Islam means submission. TheRead MoreThe Three Major Religions Of The World1465 Words   |  6 Pageswere trying to convey a message about Jesus, about his significance to the audience and thus we have to think of them as a kind of preaching, as well as storytelling. This is similar to the Hadith in the Islamic faith which are the recordings of the Prophet Mohammed in what he said, thought and did. It is revered and received as a major source of religious law and moral guidance, second only to the authority of the Koran, the holy book of Islam. It can be defined as the biography of Muhammad perpetuatedRead MorePartition Of Indi The Indian Of Indian Subcontinent1386 Words   |  6 Pagesmoved in the Indus River Valley of India around 1500 B.C. A famous piece of literature left by them is called the Vedas. In their language, â€Å"Aryan† meant â€Å"the nobles.† †¢ Vedas: A sacred literature left by the Aryans that displayed an idea of Aryan life. It’s comprised of four collections of prayers, magical spells, and instructions for performing rituals. The Big Veda, the most important part of the collections, contains 1,028 hymns to Aryan gods. In the beginning, the Vedas was passed orally fromRead MoreThe Religion Of Islam And Islam1544 Words   |  7 Pagesand means of salvation, but all three share their faith and a founder who illuminates their lives. Buddhism, for example, focuses on the life and teachings of Gautama Siddhartha. The origin of this religion spread in Nepal, India. Siddhartha or the Buddha found enlightenment under a tree, since then, he extended his wisdom and taught the Four Noble Truths, as life is suffering, desires causes suffering, end suffering by eliminating all desires, and following the Eightfold Path (Smith, 1991, P. 99)Read MoreAnalysis Of The Hero 1873 Words   |  8 PagesName: Siddhartha Gender: Male Caste: raised in the highest class of Hindu society Role in the story: the hero personality/morality: Born in India (presumably during the late nineteenth century), Siddhartha grew up in a middle-class home under the care of his parents and under the teaching of the Brahmins. His early years are spent learning to meditate and speak the Om. In his village a group of semanas past through. From this day Siddhartha left his family and became one of the poor, misunderstood

Pain Control During Infant Circumcision Free Essays

Pain Control During Infant Circumcision Circumcision is a painful surgical procedure frequently performed on newborn baby boys and often without available pain relief measures being used. The procedure, especially without pain relief, can cause short-term effects such as choking, gagging, and vomiting. Long term effects of circumcision without pain relief are not well understood, however, an increased incidence of intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH) and/or periventricular leukomalacia (PVL) has been associated with pain and stress in the neonate (Leef, 2006). We will write a custom essay sample on Pain Control During Infant Circumcision or any similar topic only for you Order Now Crying time, facial expression, and sweating palms can indicate infant pain, as can increased heart rate, breathing rate, and blood pressure. Although these behavioral and physiological changes are present at other times, the infant usually displays them during a circumcision that is not accompanied with effective pain relief. This paper reviews various pain relief methods and current residency training practices regarding the use of analgesia during the circumcision procedure. Available treatments are used with the three most common circumcision surgical techniques: the Morgen clamp, the Gomco clamp, and the Plastibell method. Recent research suggests that the Morgen clamp is associated with a less painful procedure when compared with the other two (Leef, 2006; Yawman et al. , 2006). Preferred by trainees, the Morgen clamp is also faster to use than the Plastibell (Yawman et al. , 2006) and include local and topical pain relief methods, oral sucrose and oral acetaminophen. Dorsal penile nerve block (DPNB), which involves injecting anesthetic at the base of the penis, and subcutaneous ring block are the two most commonly used local anesthetics. Topically applied anesthetic creams include EMLA, a water-based cream that includes lidocaine and prilocaine. Although DPNB, ring block, and EMLA do not eliminate circumcision pain, all three are more effective than placebo or no treatment (Leef, 2006; Yawman et al. , 2006). Compared head to head, DPNB is substantially more effective than EMLA cream (Leef, 2006). However, DPNB can cause minor bruising, bleeding, or swelling at the injection site and EMLA can cause skin color changes or local skin irritation (Leef, 2006). When used alone during the entire surgical procedure, oral agents, such as sucrose and acetaminophen, have not been shown to be as effective when compared with either EMLA or DPNB (Leef, 2006). However, in 1998, Herschel et al. (as cited in Leef, 2006) found that when sucrose was compared with DPNB during â€Å"the initial time intervals of circumcision (surgical preparation, lateral clamping, lysis of adhesions) and the final period (excision of the foreskin and application of a dressing)† there was no significant difference in heart rate which suggests that sucrose is as effective as DPNB during these periods (Leef, 2006, p. 77). In 1991, Blass and Hoffmeyer (as cited in Leef, 2006) found that babies cried less often when given a sucrose-dipped pacifier compared to a water-dipped pacifier or no intervention when undergoing the procedure. Given these results, one can conclude that combining oral sucrose with DPNB would provide optimum pain relief. Since 1999, the American Aca demy of Family Physicians, the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists, and the American Academy of Pediatrics have all recommended the universal use of local or topical anesthetics during neonatal circumcision (Yawman et al. 2006). In order to find out if there has been an increase in residency programs that teach effective forms of analgesia for newborn circumcision since previous data collection in 1998, Yawman et al. (2006) conducted a survey of US residency programs in family practice (FP), pediatrics (PED), and obstetrics and gynecology (OB/GYN) in April, 2003 (N=940). The results showed that only 82% taught newborn circumcision and that FP residents (95%) were more likely to be taught the procedure than either PED (49%) or OB/GYN (86%) residents. These findings were not significantly different from the 1998 study. Ninety-seven percent of the programs that taught newborn circumcision also taught effective anesthetic techniques. This is a 26% increase compared with the previous study (71%). However, only 84% of the responding programs reported that a topical or local agent was always or at least frequently used. There was a statistically significant difference among residency programs, which showed that 93% of PED, 86% of FP and 76% of OB/GYN programs frequently or always used analgesia. The previous study did not gather this data so a comparative analysis could not be performed (Yawman et al. , 2006). There are several limitations to the Yawman et al. (2006) study. The survey relies on accurate reporting by respondents who may overestimate the frequency of how often effective pain management is taught. In addition, the respondents gave their personal opinion, which reflected on the practices of a whole department of which they may not be fully informed. The respondents completing the survey likely differed from the individuals who responded in the 1998 survey. Last, the study only surveyed teaching hospitals and may not reflect the practices of other community hospitals In spite of these limitations, the results showed that 16% of the residency programs do not always or at least frequently use analgesic agents during the surgical circumcision procedure. Based upon the overwhelming evidence of the safety and benefit to newborns of effective analgesia during circumcision this particular statistic of the Yawman et al (2006) study is both surprising and bothersome. This implies that although the teaching of effective analgesic techniques during circumcision has increased over the years, implementation of these practices is not yet universal. Furthermore, physicians that were trained in programs that did not teach the use of analgesics for circumcision, as was the case for the majority of programs just 15-20 years ago, are not likely to use pain management in their current practice. Therefore, the actual number of infants needlessly subjected to the surgical procedure without effective analgesia use is currently unknown. Further research, which attempts to quantify this number, is needed. The results may be alarming enough to create a standard policy in all hospitals, which states that effective pain management is required for all newborn circumcisions. References Leef, K. H. (2006). Evidence-based review of oral sucrose administration to decrease the pain response in newborn infants. Neonatal Network, 25, 275-284. Yawman, D. Howard, C. R. , Auinger, P. , Garfunkel, L. C. , Allan, M. , Weitzman, M. (2006). Pain relief for neonatal circumcision: a follow-up of residency training practices. Ambulatory Pediatrics, 6, 210-214. How to cite Pain Control During Infant Circumcision, Papers

The poem Extenuating Circumstances Essay Example

The poem Extenuating Circumstances Essay Krogs use of imagery throughout this poem conveys her message with emphasis. For example, when she mentions how every word stubbornly (1) tilts into writing, the personification there could be interpreted to say that her writing has a mind of its own and how they dont want to be only a piece of writing but more. She also refers to how it leaks (4) strangely. The connotation implied by the word leaks is negative, because when something is leaking, the substance leaking is not wanted to be dripping out. This could be interpreted to mean that she has almost full control over what she writes but she cannot control everything. In addition, when the speaker expresses how writing brings mildness afterwards (11) it shows the speakers appreciation for writing as she has done before, it could be interpreted as once she has expressed herself she feels relieved after. . A striking feature of imagery in the poem is when the speaker refers to her family being beheaded (15), the use of a single word line in the middle of the longest stanza of the poem provides the mild shock of a family without heads. We will write a custom essay sample on The poem Extenuating Circumstances specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The poem Extenuating Circumstances specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The poem Extenuating Circumstances specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The lines leading up to this line gradually get smaller creating emphasis on piece of imagery. All of these striking examples of imagery convey her message of the power of writing, how it can have a mind of its own, how it can help express oneself. The overall effect this has on the poem is to evoke appreciation for writing, but also note that it can be uncontrollable. The most prominent sound features used in this poem are literary devices such as alliteration, sibilance, plosives and nasals. For example, Krog refers to the aortas of her family reeling and staining (16). The nasal sound implied could be intended to balance out the fricative used in the single word line before, beheaded (15), therefore contributing to the undulating tone of the poem. The sibilance used in the next line (through the spittlesoft sounds) reinforces the sound imagery given through the meaning of the words. In addition, when the speaker refers to the blubbering blood swabs (18), through the use of alliteration and plosives, it emphasizes the gruesome imagery. The effect of the sounds would be to enhance the meanings of the words hence create an ominous atmosphere. In conclusion, the impact of the whole poem is quite significant in that it makes the reader see the power of writing. The theme of power of writing is a distinctive feature of Krogs style and can be seen in her other work such as Nightmare of A Samuel Born Krog. The poets purpose is thoroughly achieved through the more striking literary features such as the imagery, language and the sound. In my personal opinion, the poem is beautifully written although the imagery of the beheading didnt come as much of a surprise because it is a characteristic of Krogs style to challenge the modern reader with ideas that no one would want to talk about. This could be seen in the vulgarity of Salad or in the questioning of whether she belongs in Africa in How Long, but overall a very well written poem.